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This is always the first step before reinstalling an operating system. So delete all unneeded files then backup the rest either on cloud storage, a USB stick, or a removable hard-drive. Remember to also backup your iTunes library, your iMovie database, and your Photos database. OS X will automatically continue installing onto the external hard drive rather than booting up to your internal version of OS X. At the end of this article, I'll show you how to boot up to the external hard drive, so skip down if you ended up using the App Store method.

Hard drive capacity is limited not only by how densely bits can be packed on a magnetic platter, but also by the number of sectors and tracks and drive surfaces in the drive itself and the number the computer's operating system is designed to handle.

These will format the drive in OS X's HFS+ filetype so it will be compatible with Time Machine. Click Erase and OS X will format the drive. With the drive selected in Disk Utility, click.

One benefit of Apple adopting SCSI for its hard drives way back in 1986 is that it doesn't have a maximum drive size, unlike the IDE/ATA drives used in the PC world.*

That's because SCSI is an intelligent interface that hides the physical details of the hard drive from the computer. With 'dumb' interfaces, the computer's operating system has to know the physical location of information on the hard drive – which sector of which track of which side of which platter to access to launch an application or read a data file. With SCSI, the drive has its own processor, so the operating system only has to ask it for data, not know where it is stored. The SCSI processor handles all those housekeeping detail, and this is also true of FireWire.

Back in the era of 8 MHz computers (the speed of the four earliest Macs and a couple later ones), a smart interface like SCSI made a world of difference. By the time CPUs hit 33 MHz (the clock speed of the PowerBook 150 and Performa 630, the first two Macs with IDE, both introduced in July 1994), not so much. And by the time Apple was putting a 233 MHz G3 CPU in the Beige Power Mac G3 (late 1997), that overhead was insignificant.

Parallel ATA Size Limitations

Today's SATA drive interface is descended from Parallel ATA, which is descended from Western Digital's IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) interface – also released in 1986, the same year as SCSI. Ah ma-zing workout | heritage game jam 2020 mac os. IDE has a drive controller integrated with the hard drive, no longer requiring a separate hard drive controller card. Because the intelligence to manage an IDE drive came from the computer's CPU rather than a dedicated onboard processor, IDE was less expensive to build and use than SCSI, which is probably the chief reason it was quickly adopted in the cost conscious PC world.

The original IDE specification supported 22-bit logical block addressing, which supported a maximum drive size of 2.1 GB (2.0 GiB). The first ATA specification increased that to 28-bit addressing to support drives up to 137 GB (128 GiB). That remained the limitation until Ultra ATA/100 (a.k.a. ATA-6) arrived with 48-bit addressing in 2002, in theory supporting drives up to 144 petabytes (128 PiB), although it will be a long, long time before drive of anywhere near that capacity become a reality.

Maximum Drive Capacity

• IDE, 2.1 GB
• ATA-1 through ATA-5 (Ultra ATA/66), 137 GB
• ATA-6 (Ultra ATA/100) and newer, including SATA, 144 PB

Real World Limitations

From the beginning, accessible hard drive capacity has also been limited by the computer itself. The original PC BIOS supports up to 1,024 cylinders of up to 63 sectors and up to 255 heads, giving a theoretical limit of 8.4 GB (7.8 GiB). The early ATA specification supports 65,536 cylinders of up to 255 sectors and up to 16 heads, for a theoretical maximum drive size of 127.5 GB.

Problem is, when you combine the two, you get a real world limitation of 1,024 cylinders, 63 sectors, and 16 heads, which works out to 528 MB (504 MiB). That is a fixed limit locked in place by the combination of the computer's BIOS and the drive's ATA version. Back in 1986, 500 MB must have seemed like an incredible amount of storage space because the largest PC hard drives in those days were about 40 GB.

Some older PCs with an Award or AMI BIOS have a capacity limitation of 36 GB (33.8 GiB), and 'traditional' ATA has the 137 GB/128 GiB limitation noted above, so it can be problematic adding drives over 128 GB to older PCs as well as most pre-2002 Macs.

And then there's the operating system, which may have even lower capacity limitations than the drive itself and the PC's BIOS support:

• MS-DOS and Windows 95 (original version) top out at 8.4 GB.
• Windows 95 (revision 2) and Windows 98 can use 128 GB/137 GiB.
• Windows XP requires Service Pack 1 for drives over 128 GB.

More recently, as hard drives have passed 2 TB capacity, we've run into another capacity problem. Old BIOS-based PCs and older Macs have a 2 TB ceiling, and the workaround is a PC or Mac that uses EFI and runs a 64-bit operating system.

Mac Size Limitations

Early versions of the Classic Mac OS (prior to 7.5.2) have a 2 GB limit per partition, so higher capacity drives need only be partitioned into multiple 2 GB (or smaller) segments. For Macs running System 7.5.2 through 8.0, the limit is 4 GB (specifically 4,063 MB) per partition, and PCI-based Macs can access up to 2 TB partitions.

The Classic Mac OS can run into problems when run from a partition larger than 8 GB, and on early Macs that support Mac OS X, the boot partition not only needs to be smaller than 8 GB, it must also reside within the first 8 GB of space on the hard drive.

Prior to the Quicksilver Power Mac G4, introduced in Mid 2001, Macs had the 137 GB/128 GiB limitation noted above as detailed in How Big a Hard Drive Can I Put in My PowerPC Mac?. Although Apple doesn't specify ATA versions in its technical specifications and Quicksilvers are widely reported as having Ultra ATA/66, yet with Mac OS X 10.2 and later, the Quicksilver 2002 supports big drives.

Mac OS X Maximum Drive Capacity

• OS X 10.0-10.1.5, 2 TB maximum volume size
• OS X 10.2-10.2.8, 8 TB
• OS X 10.3-10.3.9, 16 TB
• OS X 10.4 and later, around 8 exabytes (8 million terabytes!)

On to SATA

Real World Limitations

From the beginning, accessible hard drive capacity has also been limited by the computer itself. The original PC BIOS supports up to 1,024 cylinders of up to 63 sectors and up to 255 heads, giving a theoretical limit of 8.4 GB (7.8 GiB). The early ATA specification supports 65,536 cylinders of up to 255 sectors and up to 16 heads, for a theoretical maximum drive size of 127.5 GB.

Problem is, when you combine the two, you get a real world limitation of 1,024 cylinders, 63 sectors, and 16 heads, which works out to 528 MB (504 MiB). That is a fixed limit locked in place by the combination of the computer's BIOS and the drive's ATA version. Back in 1986, 500 MB must have seemed like an incredible amount of storage space because the largest PC hard drives in those days were about 40 GB.

Some older PCs with an Award or AMI BIOS have a capacity limitation of 36 GB (33.8 GiB), and 'traditional' ATA has the 137 GB/128 GiB limitation noted above, so it can be problematic adding drives over 128 GB to older PCs as well as most pre-2002 Macs.

And then there's the operating system, which may have even lower capacity limitations than the drive itself and the PC's BIOS support:

• MS-DOS and Windows 95 (original version) top out at 8.4 GB.
• Windows 95 (revision 2) and Windows 98 can use 128 GB/137 GiB.
• Windows XP requires Service Pack 1 for drives over 128 GB.

More recently, as hard drives have passed 2 TB capacity, we've run into another capacity problem. Old BIOS-based PCs and older Macs have a 2 TB ceiling, and the workaround is a PC or Mac that uses EFI and runs a 64-bit operating system.

Mac Size Limitations

Early versions of the Classic Mac OS (prior to 7.5.2) have a 2 GB limit per partition, so higher capacity drives need only be partitioned into multiple 2 GB (or smaller) segments. For Macs running System 7.5.2 through 8.0, the limit is 4 GB (specifically 4,063 MB) per partition, and PCI-based Macs can access up to 2 TB partitions.

The Classic Mac OS can run into problems when run from a partition larger than 8 GB, and on early Macs that support Mac OS X, the boot partition not only needs to be smaller than 8 GB, it must also reside within the first 8 GB of space on the hard drive.

Prior to the Quicksilver Power Mac G4, introduced in Mid 2001, Macs had the 137 GB/128 GiB limitation noted above as detailed in How Big a Hard Drive Can I Put in My PowerPC Mac?. Although Apple doesn't specify ATA versions in its technical specifications and Quicksilvers are widely reported as having Ultra ATA/66, yet with Mac OS X 10.2 and later, the Quicksilver 2002 supports big drives.

Mac OS X Maximum Drive Capacity

• OS X 10.0-10.1.5, 2 TB maximum volume size
• OS X 10.2-10.2.8, 8 TB
• OS X 10.3-10.3.9, 16 TB
• OS X 10.4 and later, around 8 exabytes (8 million terabytes!)

On to SATA

SATA supports 48-bit addressing, so there is no realistic limitation on drive size.

* Apple began moving Macs to ATA in 1994 yet continued to use SCSI hard drives on its pro-oriented machines until 1997, when the Beige Power Mac G3 became the first pro model to ship with ATA by default. And starting in 1999, no new Macs shipped with SCSI ports by default, although some Power Macs could be ordered with a SCSI PCI card. Mac OS X doesn't even include SCSI drivers, although contemporary SCSI cards often have built-in firmware support so they can even function as boot drives, while older ones may have OS X drivers but are not bootable since they require those drivers to function within OS X.

Further Reading

• Parallel ATA, Wikipedia
• Hard Drive Capacity Limits, Hardware Secrets, 2007
• Why the 2 TB Ceiling?, Maximum PC, 2010
• How Big a Hard Drive Can I Put in My iMac, eMac, Power Mac, PowerBook, or iBook?, Low End Mac
• Macintosh Operating System: Maximum Volume Size, Apple (archived)

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So, you've decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac's performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we'll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We'll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it's good to know the basic macOS timeline.

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn't new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have 'fuel' to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren't comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic 'room cleaners'. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it's most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That's why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you'll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn't always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Cookie clicker (itch) (rafd) mac os. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

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How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it's possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

'I can't download an old version of Mac OS X'

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don't expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you've completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is 'captured' onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

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Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.